Step 1: Understanding the Question.
Sedition, under Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, involves acts that incite disaffection against the government. The cases listed are landmark judgments involving sedition:
- Queen Empress Vs Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1897) dealt with Tilak’s seditious writings.
- Niharendu Dutt Mazumdar Vs Emperor (1942) addressed sedition in the context of political speeches.
- Kedar Nath Singh Vs State of Bihar (1962) clarified the scope of sedition, upholding it with restrictions.
Step 2: Analyzing the Options.
- Options (a), (b), and (c) each involve sedition cases.
- Option (d) includes all the above, which is accurate as all cases addressed sedition.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Since all listed cases involve the offence of sedition, (d) All of the above is the correct answer, reflecting the historical context of sedition law in India.