If the two lines $\frac{x-1}{2} = \frac{1-y}{-a} = \frac{z}{4}$ and $\frac{x-3}{1} = \frac{2y-3}{4} = \frac{z-2}{2}$ are perpendicular, then the value of $a$ is equal to:
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Standardizing the equations is the most critical step. Be wary of terms like $1-y$ or $2y-3$; always ensure the coefficients of $x, y, z$ in the numerators are $+1$ before picking out the direction ratios.