Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The reaction of chlorobenzene with a nitrating mixture (conc. \(\text{HNO}_3\) and conc. \(\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4\)) is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction called nitration. The chlorine atom on the benzene ring is ortho and para directing.
Step 2: Key Formula or Approach:
The electrophile in this reaction is the nitronium ion (\(\text{NO}_2^+\)). Halogens are deactivating but ortho-para directing due to their resonance (+R) effect.
Step 3: Detailed Explanation:
When chlorobenzene reacts with conc. \(\text{HNO}_3\) and conc. \(\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4\), the \(\text{NO}_2^+\) group attacks the ortho and para positions of the ring.
Reaction:
\[ \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{Cl} + \text{HNO}_3 \xrightarrow{\text{conc. H}_2\text{SO}_4, \Delta} \text{o-nitrochlorobenzene} + \text{p-nitrochlorobenzene} \]
IUPAC names for these are 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene and 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene. Typically, the para isomer is the major product due to less steric hindrance.
Step 4: Final Answer:
The result is a mixture of the ortho and para substituted products.