Ajita Kesakambalin, a materialist philosopher, posited that humans consist of four fundamental elements: earth, water, fire, and air. His philosophy asserts that upon death, the body disintegrates back into these elements: earth to earth, water to water, fire to fire, and air to air. Kesakambalin rejected the concept of a soul or an afterlife, maintaining that death is the complete dissolution of the physical body into its constituent parts. His doctrines underscore the material basis of existence, refuting any form of spiritual continuity post-mortem.