Step 1: Understanding the Question:
The question identifies the chemical process where coal is heated at high temperatures without the presence of oxygen or air to produce solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
Carbonization: This is the process of destructive distillation of coal in the absence of air.
When coal is heated to high temperatures (usually between $500^{\circ}C$ and $1300^{\circ}C$), it decomposes to yield a solid residue called coke, along with coal tar, ammonia, and coal gas.
There are two main types: Low-Temperature Carbonization (LTC) performed at $500-700^{\circ}C$ to produce smokeless fuel, and High-Temperature Carbonization (HTC) performed at $900-1300^{\circ}C$ to produce metallurgical coke.
Analysis of other processes:
Calcination: This involves heating an ore or a substance (like limestone) to high temperatures in the presence of limited air or below its melting point, primarily to remove volatile impurities or carbonates.
Refining: This is a broad term used for purifying substances, such as petroleum refining to separate fractions or electrolytic refining of metals.
Clinkerization: This occurs during cement manufacturing where the raw mix is heated to approximately $1450^{\circ}C$ to form nodules known as clinker.
Step 3: Final Answer:
The heating of coal in the absence of air to produce coke and other by-products is termed carbonization.