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Given \[ y = -3x - 3 + m e^{2x} \] Find the Orthogonal Trajectories (O.T.).

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To find orthogonal trajectories: first obtain the differential equation of the given family, then replace \( \frac{dy}{dx} \) by its negative reciprocal and solve.
Updated On: Feb 15, 2026
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Solution and Explanation

Step 1: Understanding the Topic
The question asks for the orthogonal trajectories of a given family of curves. An orthogonal trajectory is a curve that intersects every curve in the given family at a right angle. The process involves finding the differential equation that describes the given family and then finding a second differential equation for the orthogonal family, which is then solved.
Step 2: Key Approach
1. Differentiate the given equation with respect to $x$ to find $\frac{dy}{dx}$. 2. Eliminate the parameter $m$ from the original and differentiated equations to get a differential equation of the form $\frac{dy}{dx} = F(x, y)$. 3. The slope of the orthogonal trajectories is the negative reciprocal: $(\frac{dy}{dx})_{OT} = -\frac{1}{F(x, y)}$. 4. Solve this new differential equation to find the equation for the orthogonal trajectories.
Step 3: Detailed Calculation
A. Find the differential equation for the given family:
The given family is $y = -3x - 3 + m e^{2x}$. Differentiating with respect to $x$: \[ \frac{dy}{dx} = -3 + 2m e^{2x} \] To eliminate $m$, we first solve the original equation for $m e^{2x}$: \[ m e^{2x} = y + 3x + 3 \] Substitute this into the derivative equation: \[ \frac{dy}{dx} = -3 + 2(y + 3x + 3) = -3 + 2y + 6x + 6 \] \[ \frac{dy}{dx} = 6x + 2y + 3 \] B. Form the differential equation for the orthogonal trajectories:
Replace $\frac{dy}{dx}$ with $-\frac{1}{dy/dx}$ (or more formally, $\frac{dy}{dx}$ becomes $-\frac{dx}{dy}$): \[ \left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right)_{OT} = -\frac{1}{6x + 2y + 3} \] C. Solve the new differential equation:
\[ \frac{dy}{dx} = -\frac{1}{6x + 2y + 3} \implies (6x + 2y + 3)dy = -dx \] \[ (6x + 2y + 3)dy + dx = 0 \] This is not easily separable. Let's use a substitution. Let $u = 6x + 2y + 3$. Then $\frac{du}{dx} = 6 + 2\frac{dy}{dx}$. From the OT equation, $\frac{dy}{dx} = -\frac{1}{u}$. Substitute this: \[ \frac{du}{dx} = 6 + 2\left(-\frac{1}{u}\right) = \frac{6u - 2}{u} \] Now we can separate variables: \[ \frac{u}{6u - 2} du = dx \] To integrate the left side, we use partial fractions or algebraic manipulation: \[ \int \frac{u}{6u - 2} du = \int \frac{1}{6}\frac{6u}{6u - 2} du = \frac{1}{6} \int \frac{6u - 2 + 2}{6u - 2} du = \frac{1}{6} \int \left(1 + \frac{2}{6u - 2}\right) du \] \[ = \frac{1}{6} \left( u + \frac{2}{6}\ln|6u-2| \right) = \frac{u}{6} + \frac{1}{18}\ln|6u-2| \] The integral of the right side is simply $x$. So, the solution is: \[ \frac{u}{6} + \frac{1}{18}\ln|6u-2| = x + C \] D. Substitute back for u:
Replacing $u = 6x + 2y + 3$: \[ \frac{6x + 2y + 3}{6} + \frac{1}{18}\ln|6(6x + 2y + 3) - 2| = x + C \] \[ x + \frac{y}{3} + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{18}\ln|36x + 12y + 16| = x + C \] Simplifying gives the final form of the solution.
Step 4: Final Answer
The equation for the orthogonal trajectories is: \[ \boxed{ \frac{2y + 6x + 3}{6} + \frac{1}{18}\ln |12y + 36x + 16| = x + C } \]
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