Explain the ways in which the European thinkers like Montesquieu and Karl Marx used Bernier’s description of India.
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How European philosophers interpreted Bernier’s core observation:
Bernier's Core Claim: The King owns all land; no private property exists.
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Montesquieu: Leads to Oriental Despotism (political tyranny).
Karl Marx: Leads to the Asiatic Mode of Production (unchanging village life).