Question:medium

Evaluate \( \int_{0}^{\pi/4} \frac{x}{1+\cos 2x + \sin 2x} \, dx \).

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For definite integrals with symmetric limits, apply symmetry properties to simplify.
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Solution and Explanation

Step 1: {Apply symmetry property of definite integrals}
Let: \[ I = \int_{0}^{\pi/4} \frac{x}{1+\cos 2x + \sin 2x} \, dx. \] Using the property \( \int_{0}^{a} f(x) \, dx = \int_{0}^{a} f(a-x) \, dx \), we get: \[ I = \int_{0}^{\pi/4} \frac{\pi/4 - x}{1+\cos 2x + \sin 2x} \, dx. \] Step 2: {Combine integrals}
Adding the two forms of \( I \): \[ 2I = \int_{0}^{\pi/4} \frac{\pi/4}{1+\cos 2x + \sin 2x} \, dx. \] Step 3: {Simplify the integrand}
Rewrite \( 1 + \cos 2x + \sin 2x \): We rewrite the denominator. \[ 1 + \cos 2x + \sin 2x = 1 + (2\cos^2 x - 1) + 2\sin x \cos x = 2\cos^2 x + 2\sin x \cos x = 2\cos x (\cos x + \sin x). \] The integral becomes: \[ 2I = \int_{0}^{\pi/4} \frac{\pi/4}{2\cos x (\cos x + \sin x)} \, dx = \frac{\pi}{8} \int_{0}^{\pi/4} \frac{1}{\cos^2 x + \sin x \cos x} \, dx. \] Dividing the numerator and denominator by \( \cos^2 x \): \[ \frac{\pi}{8} \int_{0}^{\pi/4} \frac{\sec^2 x}{1 + \tan x} \, dx. \] Step 4: {Integrate and simplify}
Let \( u = 1 + \tan x \), so \( du = \sec^2 x \, dx \). When \( x = 0 \), \( u = 1 + \tan 0 = 1 \). When \( x = \pi/4 \), \( u = 1 + \tan(\pi/4) = 1 + 1 = 2 \). The integral becomes: \[ \frac{\pi}{8} \int_{1}^{2} \frac{1}{u} \, du = \frac{\pi}{8} [\log |u|]_{1}^{2} = \frac{\pi}{8} (\log 2 - \log 1) = \frac{\pi}{8} \log 2. \] Therefore, \( 2I = \frac{\pi}{8} \log 2 \), which means \( I = \frac{\pi}{16} \log 2 \). Conclusion: The integral evaluates to \( \frac{\pi}{16} \log 2 \).
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