The domain of the function $f(x) = \cos^{-1} x + \sin x$ is determined by the constraints of its components. The inverse cosine function, $\cos^{-1} x$, is defined only for $x$ values within the interval $[-1, 1]$. The sine function, $\sin x$, is defined for all real numbers and thus imposes no additional restrictions. Consequently, the domain of $f(x)$ is solely dictated by the domain of $\cos^{-1} x$, which is $x \in [-1, 1]$. Therefore, the domain of $f(x)$ is $[-1, 1]$. The correct option is (C) $[-1, 1]$.