Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
Coping is the dynamic process of managing external or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person.
Psychologists Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman identified two primary categories of coping: Problem-focused and Emotion-focused.
Problem-focused coping involves attempts to change the stressor itself or solve the problem causing the stress.
Emotion-focused coping involves efforts to regulate the emotional consequences of the stressful situation, rather than changing the situation itself.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
In Arjun's situation, he uses a holistic approach to manage his exam-related stress by addressing both the task and his internal state.
1. Preparation of a study schedule: This is a direct, task-oriented action. By organizing his study material and time, he is reducing the objective threat of the examination.
This is a clear example of Problem-focused coping because it targets the root cause of the stress (unpreparedness).
2. Practicing meditation daily: Meditation is a self-regulation technique aimed at lowering cortisol levels and inducing a state of physiological relaxation.
Since meditation does not change the exam date or difficulty, but changes how Arjun feels about it, it is Emotion-focused coping.
3. Discussing worries with friends: Seeking social support provides emotional validation and reduces the feeling of isolation.
This is another form of Emotion-focused coping (specifically social-emotional support).
Analyzing the distractors:
(A) Maladaptive coping: These are unhealthy strategies like denial or aggression that provide temporary relief but cause long-term harm. Arjun's methods were healthy (adaptive).
(C) Substance dependence: This refers to the use of drugs or alcohol as a "crutch" to deal with stress, which is not mentioned in the text.
(D) Avoidance behavior: This involves ignoring the problem (e.g., sleeping all day instead of studying). Arjun actively confronted his problem.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Arjun's strategy was dual-pronged. He used logical planning (Problem-focused) and emotional regulation/social support (Emotion-focused).
This balanced approach is considered the most effective way to deal with complex stressors like competitive examinations.
Thus, the correct option is (B).