The 19th century saw significant advancements in global printing:
Steam-powered printing press: Accelerated printing speed and output, leading to more affordable newspapers and books.
Rotary press (1843): Improved efficiency by enabling continuous printing on paper rolls.
Cheaper paper and ink: Reduced production costs, making printed materials available to a wider audience.
Growth in literacy: Public education fueled demand for various printed materials like textbooks and novels.
Rise of public opinion: Print media became a tool for social, political, and cultural transformations.