Supernatural and Magical Influences: Historical theories frequently blamed abnormal behavior on the impact of spirits, demons, or otherworldly powers, assuming psychological disorders stem from external, uncontrollable forces.
Cognitive Distortions: This viewpoint, aligned with cognitive models, posits that abnormal conduct arises from flawed thinking patterns or a misinterpretation of reality.
Interpersonal Dysfunction: Within the interpersonal psychological framework, abnormal behavior is understood as a consequence of problematic interactions with others.
Biomedical Impairment: This perspective highlights the biomedical or physiological view, asserting that abnormal behavior is connected to physiological malfunctions within the brain and body, rather than to ancient beliefs.