Question

(a) Explain the following characteristics of Principles of Management:
(i) General guidelines
(ii) Flexible
(iii) Cause and effect relationship
OR
(b) Explain the following techniques of Scientific Management:
(i) Method Study
(ii) Differential Piece Wage System
(iii) Fatigue Study

Hint:

Scientific management techniques always aim for measurable efficiency improvements through systematic analysis.

Answer 1

(i) General Guidelines:
These are directional principles, not rigid rules, and should be adapted to specific organizational contexts. For instance, the unity of command principle may be interpreted differently in matrix organizations.
(ii) Flexible:
These principles are modifiable according to different situations. An example is how the degree of centralization can fluctuate between crisis periods and normal operational times. This flexibility also facilitates cultural adaptation, accommodating differences between Western and Eastern management styles.
(iii) Cause-Effect Relationship:
Actions are expected to yield predictable outcomes. For example, effective planning leads to improved performance. This principle forms the basis for evidence-based management.
(b):
(i) Method Study:
This involves a systematic analysis of work methods, typically following steps such as selection, recording, examination, development, and installation. Toyota's continuous improvement (kaizen) is an example.
(ii) Differential Piece Wage System:
This system rewards more efficient workers with higher pay. Taylor's example illustrates this: workers producing at the standard rate might receive $0.50 per unit, while those exceeding the standard receive $0.60 per unit. While it motivates productivity, it has also been criticized for being exploitative.
(iii) Fatigue Study:
This study focuses on analyzing work-rest cycles to determine optimal break scheduling. The Pomodoro technique is a modern application of this concept.